Mass crimes against humanity and genocides
Atrocities since World War II
The descriptions below, of mass crimes against humanity, are sorted by the
starting date of the atrocity. The numbers of victims are not particularly
accurate; often records are very incomplete.
"From 1949 onwards, through a succession of failed economic experiments, notably the calamitous 'Great Leap Forward,' and ever more Byzantine political campaigns to suppress 'counter-revolutionaries' - code for anyone perceived to be against the Chairman [Mao Ze Dong]- the citizens of the People's Republic of China went to their deaths in their millions, by execution, starvation or despairingly by their own hands in repeated waves of suicide."About half starved to death during 1959 and 1960.
In addition, Mao Ze Dong
"launched the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in 1966, in what appeared to be a massive cleansing policy to ensure the final victory of Mao and his clique over the rest of the Chinese Communist party. Over the next decade, literally millions of people were sacked, imprisoned and otherwise reviled for hitherto hidden 'bourgeois tendencies' while tens of thousands were executed." 1His successors continued the bloodletting, but at a much slower rate. Recent examples are the massacre at Tiananmen Square, and the current imprisonment, torture and execution of persons who practice Falun Dafa -- a Chinese meditation/exercise technique.
Time | Location | Perpetrators | Victims | Number of victims |
1975 to 1979 | Cambodia | Khmer Rouge | Public | 1.7 to 2 million |
Intellectuals were particularly targeted. "The Cambodian genocide is unique, though, in that for many years it remained largely undocumented, and is only now being investigated for the purposes of bringing its perpetrators to justice." 3 Tens of thousands of pages of records, over 10,000 photos, and other material are being systematically documented by specialists at Yale University, the Documentation Center of Cambodia, and the University of New South Wales. Included are maps showing the locations of more than 5,000 mass grave sites -- the "killing fields."
After a delay of almost three and a half decades, genocide trials began on 2009-FEB-17 with the trial of Kaing Kech leu, a.k.a. Duch. He headed the S-21 torture center in Tuoi Dlrnh during the 1970s. Between 1975 and 1979, about 17,000 men, women and children were sent to the interrogation center. Only 14 adults and 5 children survived. Four other trials will follow: Nuon Chea, Pol Pot's "Brother Number Two"; Ieng Sary, the Khmer Rouge Foreign Minister; his wife Ieng Thirith, who was Minister of Social Affairs; and Khieu Samphan, who served as President. 15 The Khmer Rouge leader, Pol Pot, died peacefully in 1998 without having been brought to justice.
Time | Location | Perpetrators | Victims | Number of victims |
1975 to 1999 | East Timor | Muslims | Roman Catholics | 200,000 |
"used harsh tactics to coerce cooperation from the people and solidify Indonesian rule. These methods have included forced migration, rape and forced sterilization, forced military service, torture, murder, and harassment." By 1999, "One in four East Timorese is thought to have lost his or her life in the struggle."
Time | Location | Perpetrators | Victims | Number of victims |
1985 | Sudan | Mainly Muslim militia and government | Initially, mostly Animists & Christiaas; now mainly Muslims | About 200,000 deaths; millions dislocated |
The country has had a series of military conflicts since
the late 19th century. Its most recent civil was was partly triggered by the
discovery of oil in southern Sudan and an increase effort by the Muslim
government in the North to convert residents in the south from Animism and
Christianity to Islam by force. A fragile peace agreement was in place by 2004. However,
it did not include the Darfur region in western Sudan.
An armed rebellion in Darfur by the Sudanese
People’s Liberation Army (SPLA) and the Justice and Equality Movement has been
countered mainly by Arab "Janjaweed" -- a militia group armed by the central
government. On the order of two million people in Darfur have been displaced.
The number of deaths is unknown; the central government estimates 9,000
civilians killed. The UN estimates 200,000 deaths. Other estimates range as high
as 400,000.
Time | Location | Perpetrators | Victims | Number of victims |
1994 | Rwanda | Mainly Hutus | Mainly Tutsis; some moderate Hutus | about 800,000 |
"Church leaders failed to use their unique moral position among the overwhelmingly Christian population to denounce ethnic hatred and human rights abuse." " ...both Anglicans and RCs [Roman Catholics] were widely seen as siding with the Hutu killers, as a result of which their sanctuary status was lost. A number of bishops and priests were killed by the re-invading Tutsi. It can be said that Islam alone (1% of the population) has consistently supported the interests of all ethnic groups equally."
About 75% of the Tutsi population were killed in the genocide. Court trials are underway.
Time | Location | Perpetrators | Victims | Number of victims |
1995 to 1999 | Bosnia Herzegovina | Serbian Orthodox Christians (mainly) | Muslims (mainly) | 200,000 |
The Bosnian Serbs, mainly followers of the Bosnian Orthodox church, more than the other groups in the country, first adopted a policy of "ethnic cleansing." In reality, it was actually religious cleansing. This involved the forced relocation of the mostly Roman Catholic Croats and the Muslims. As a precursor to this policy, non-Serbs were identified as traitors, and a massive propaganda campaign started. A program of ethnic cleansing was started: Non-serbs were removed from their homes and forcibly relocated. Ethnic cleansing evolved into religious genocide, with systematic destruction of libraries and mosques, mass, systematic rape of women, and mass killing of non-Serbs. The world viewed a scaled-down version of the Nazi holocaust, involving "civilian and POW non-Serbs, primarily Muslims, in sealed freight trains to camps where starvation, regular beatings, lack of shelter, torture, and occasional mass shootings made life expectancy short."
The United Nations decided to establish "safe areas" inside Bosnia. However, these were hopelessly understaffed with troops. They were often over-run and the inhabitants were exterminated. NATO military intervention, coupled with diplomatic and economic pressure from the west resulted in all of the belligerent parties accepting the Dayton Accords in 1995-NOV. The war and genocide stopped; peace remains elusive. International peace-keeping troops will probably have to be stationed there for decades.
Slobodan Milosevic died of an apparent heart attack during 2006-MAR while in prison near the end of his four year trial on multiple counts crimes against humanity. The Muslim Public Affairs Council (MPAC) wrote:
"....it is now more than ever crucial that the international community bring other indicted war criminals to justice in order to bring about a much-needed process of truth and reconciliation....The European Union has given the Serbian government until April to hand over Ratko Mladić, military leader of the Bosnian Serbs during the 1992-95 war, who is accused of genocide, crimes against humanity and other war crimes for the siege of Sarajevo and the massacre of thousands of Muslim men and boys around Srebrenica in July 1995. The Bosnian Serbs' wartime political leader, Radovan Karadžić, also has yet to surrender to the Hague tribunal. Both men have been fugitives for more than 10 years. Capturing and trying Mladić and Karadžić should be an immediate priority of the international community in order to deliver long overdue justice that is crucial in order to begin the heal the scars faced by those who witnessed the Balkan genocide firsthand."As of 2009-FEB, Mladić and Karadžić remain at large in spite of a U.S. government reward of $5 million and a Serbian government reward of €1 million for information leading to their arrests. A poll has revealed that as many as 65% of Serbs would not reveal information leading to their arrests.
Time | Location | Perpetrators | Victims | Number of victims |
1998 to 1999 | Kosovo | Mainly Serbian Orthodox Christians | Mainly Muslims | 400,000 displaced; deaths unknown |
An uneasy peace currently exists between the minority Serbian Orthodox population and the majority Albanians, who are mostly Muslim. International peacekeepers attempt to maintain stability. The United Nations has assumed administrative responsibility for Kosovo.
This tragedy is believed to be the first international war action in history that was mounted in order to return human rights to a oppressed population.
Time | Location | Perpetrators | Victims | Number of victims |
1997 to present | Democratic Republic of the Congo | Government, army, army irregulars and rebels. | General public | About 6 million killed. Others suffered rape, destruction of property. etc. Deaths continue. |
"Laurent-Desire Kabila took control of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1997 after a bloody war in which his supporters and Rwandan and Ugandan allies killed tens of thousands of civilians. He defended his regime in a second war after his erstwhile allies, Rwanda and Uganda, invaded the country in 1998. In this second war, Kabila's forces, like those of Rwanda, Uganda, and the Congolese rebels allied with them, have all engaged in indiscriminate attacks on civilians, extrajudicial executions, rape, and destruction of property, with the result of massive displacement of population."The Second Congo War (a.k.a. Africa's World War and the Great War of Africa) resulted in the deaths of about 5.4 million people -- mostly by starvation and disease -- between 1998-AUG and the date that it officially ended in 2003-JUL. The death toll was the highest of any war since World War II. By late 2009, about a half million people were still dying each year.
"During his nearly four years in power, Kabila regularly and ruthlessly violated the human rights of the Congolese people, killing, torturing, imprisoning, and causing the "disappearance" of any who he thought threatened him or his regime. Among those who suffered most were political opponents, leaders of civil society, human rights activists, and journalists."
Time | Location | Perpetrators | Victims | Number of victims |
2010 (if a proposed law is passed) | Uganda | Judicial murder | Lesbians, gays, & bisexual adults who engage in same-sex sexual behavior | If detected, about 5% of the adult population may be legally murdered |
Copying a policy of Nazi Germany, the bill stipulates that if any adult is aware of someone engaging in same-sex sexual behavior, they must report them to the police within a short time interval or face a lengthy jail sentence.
The bill has yet to become law. More details.